Chapter 9: Fallacies
“A fallacy is a violation of logical principle disguised under an appearance of validity; it is an error in process. Falsity is an error in fact… To discover a fallacy is to discover the reason why the mind was deceived into regarding error as truth.”
Classification of Fallacies
Formal
Opposition
Eduction
Syllogistic Relation
Material
In Dictione
Extra Dictionem
In Dictione
Equivocation, Amphiboly, Composition, Division, Accent, Verbal Form.
Extra Dictionem
Of Accident: Shift of Imposition, Shift of Intention, Shift of Imposition and Intention.
Confusion of Absolute and Qualified Statement or secundum quid
Of Consequent
Arguing Beside the Point or Ignoring the Issue or ignoration elenchi: Argumentum Ad Hominem, Ad Populum, Ad Misericordiam, Ad Baculum, Ad Ignorantiam, Ad Verecundiam.
False Cause
Begging the Question
Classification of Fallacies
Formal
Opposition
Eduction
Syllogistic Relation
Material
In Dictione
Extra Dictionem
In Dictione
Equivocation, Amphiboly, Composition, Division, Accent, Verbal Form.
Extra Dictionem
Of Accident: Shift of Imposition, Shift of Intention, Shift of Imposition and Intention.
Confusion of Absolute and Qualified Statement or secundum quid
Of Consequent
Arguing Beside the Point or Ignoring the Issue or ignoration elenchi: Argumentum Ad Hominem, Ad Populum, Ad Misericordiam, Ad Baculum, Ad Ignorantiam, Ad Verecundiam.
False Cause
Begging the Question
Chapter 10: A Brief Summary of Induction
“Logic is the normative science which directs the operations of the intellect so as to attain truth…logic deals with all that is thought in its most general aspect – truth.
The requirements of truth are:
1. What is thought must represent what is (This is the norm of conception and of induction).
2. Thoughts must be consistent among themselves. (This is the norm of deduction.)”
These requirements remind me of The Fire in the Equation, when Kitty Ferguson talks about making a leap of faith and that we must assume two things. First, that we exist; and second, that we are sane.
This chapter talks about how we acquire knowledge and the powers humans have, namely our sense and intellectual powers. Within the latter ones are the intellect, which seeks the truth; the rational memory; and the will, which seeks good.
It explains the role of induction and intuition, causality, Aristotle’s four metaphysical causes (efficient, final, material, and formal), the uniformity of causation and scientific induction and methodology, and finally the role of philosophy in the field of knowledge.
“What is the place of philosophy in the field of knowledge? Our rationality urges us to analyze, relate, organize, synthesize, and so to simplify our knowledge. Philosophy represents the greatest unity and simplicity to which unaided human reason can attain.” (page 222)
Here’s an interesting model of Progress Toward Unity
4. Experience (fact: for example, A stone falls. A chair falls.)
3. Science (law: for example, the law of gravity)
2. Philosophy (principles: for example, Every effect must have an adequate cause.)
1. Beatific vision (Unity of Perfect Truth; the all in the One. Theology and faith prepare us for the beatific vision after death.)
The requirements of truth are:
1. What is thought must represent what is (This is the norm of conception and of induction).
2. Thoughts must be consistent among themselves. (This is the norm of deduction.)”
These requirements remind me of The Fire in the Equation, when Kitty Ferguson talks about making a leap of faith and that we must assume two things. First, that we exist; and second, that we are sane.
This chapter talks about how we acquire knowledge and the powers humans have, namely our sense and intellectual powers. Within the latter ones are the intellect, which seeks the truth; the rational memory; and the will, which seeks good.
It explains the role of induction and intuition, causality, Aristotle’s four metaphysical causes (efficient, final, material, and formal), the uniformity of causation and scientific induction and methodology, and finally the role of philosophy in the field of knowledge.
“What is the place of philosophy in the field of knowledge? Our rationality urges us to analyze, relate, organize, synthesize, and so to simplify our knowledge. Philosophy represents the greatest unity and simplicity to which unaided human reason can attain.” (page 222)
Here’s an interesting model of Progress Toward Unity
4. Experience (fact: for example, A stone falls. A chair falls.)
3. Science (law: for example, the law of gravity)
2. Philosophy (principles: for example, Every effect must have an adequate cause.)
1. Beatific vision (Unity of Perfect Truth; the all in the One. Theology and faith prepare us for the beatific vision after death.)
Chapter 11: Composition and Reading
This chapter is talks about the development of logic, rhetoric, and poetic (not so interesting actually, but it’s on page 225).
According to Aristotle (mainly):
Logic: divided according into subject matter, into scientific demonstration (Posterior Analytics), dialectic (Topics), and sophistic (Sophistical Refutations)
Rhetoric: the art of finding in any given subject matter the available means of persuation. Divided into persuation (logos, pathos, and ethos), style, and arrangement.
Poetics: It defines poetic as the argument through vivid representation. It called my attention and I didn’t think of this before, that “poetics is the imitation of life, in which the author does not speak to the reader directly but only through his characters”. So it’s not only about lyric poetics, but also about stories and narratives. It has four main characteristics: the character (ethos), thought (logos), arousal of emotions (pathos), and style (through grammar).
The rest of the chapter focuses on the short story and its parts and characteristics, as well as resources to be a better writer and transmit your message successfully to your audience. Also, the author explains the essay and composition of expository works.
Sister Miriam Joseph ends her book in a very particular way, kind of funny because there’s no punching line of final statement. She just ends it… it’s interesting to think why she did that.
According to Aristotle (mainly):
Logic: divided according into subject matter, into scientific demonstration (Posterior Analytics), dialectic (Topics), and sophistic (Sophistical Refutations)
Rhetoric: the art of finding in any given subject matter the available means of persuation. Divided into persuation (logos, pathos, and ethos), style, and arrangement.
Poetics: It defines poetic as the argument through vivid representation. It called my attention and I didn’t think of this before, that “poetics is the imitation of life, in which the author does not speak to the reader directly but only through his characters”. So it’s not only about lyric poetics, but also about stories and narratives. It has four main characteristics: the character (ethos), thought (logos), arousal of emotions (pathos), and style (through grammar).
The rest of the chapter focuses on the short story and its parts and characteristics, as well as resources to be a better writer and transmit your message successfully to your audience. Also, the author explains the essay and composition of expository works.
Sister Miriam Joseph ends her book in a very particular way, kind of funny because there’s no punching line of final statement. She just ends it… it’s interesting to think why she did that.